Overview: This section provides a review of the structure of the atom and its constituents.
Skills:
- Interpreting atomic symbols
- Reading the periodic table
New terms:
- Nucleon
- Atomic number
- Ion
- Cation
- Anion
In chemistry, the atom is the fundamental building block of chemical structures. Unique combinations of atoms lead to the diverse array of compounds that form the universe. Democritus, around 400 B.C., first proposed the idea of an unchangeable atom. However, the Greeks had no experiments to test this idea. Around 1800 John Dalton performed a series of experiments to measure the ratios of the masses of elements in different compounds. From the results of these experiments, he hypothesized that matter consists of atoms and in 1808 he described the Atomic Theory of Matter in his book A New System of Chemical Philosophy, Part I. Though his points are not entirely true, it is very important to understand them and appreciate the foresight of Dalton. Remember there was no way that Dalton could see the atom at the time of his publishing. Today, however, modern instruments provide direct evidence that atoms exist.
Dalton’s Atomic Theory of Matter
- Elements and compounds consist of indivisible atoms.
- Atoms of a given element are identical (meaning they have the same mass and properties).
- Atoms retain their identity in all chemical reactions. This is basically the Law of Conservation of Matter, stating that an equal amount of mass exists before and after a reaction.
- Atoms combine in fixed ratios of integer numbers to form compounds. This is close to the Law of Definite Proportions.
The atom continues to be fundamental in the field of chemistry as well as other sciences; however, today we understand the atom in more depth than in Dalton’s time.
The General Structure of the Atom
| This helium atom contains 2 protons and 2 neutrons within the nucleus. The 2 electrons (in a neutral helium atom) are outside the nucleus in the electron cloud. The protons have a positive charge, the neutrons are neutral and the electrons are negatively charged. The radius of the atom in this cartoon is not drawn to scale– the radius of the atom is much greater than the radius of the nucleus. In fact ratom > 104rnuc. Based on this fact what conclusions can you draw about the atom? Answer |
John Dalton
The English scientist John Dalton was born in 1766. His early scientific research focused on the atmosphere and also on color-blindness. Dalton suffered from color-blindness and offered the first scientific description of this condition. His greatest scientific contributions were in chemistry. Although he had taught chemistry for six years (1793-1799), before 1800 he had no scientific research experience in this discipline. By all accounts Dalton was not the best experimentalist– using rather crude equipment and often producing volumes of inexact results. His true gift appears to have been his ability to interpret data in new ways. Dalton’s atomic theory was delineated in his book of 1808, A New System of Chemical Philosophy, Part I. It is interesting that this theory, which is probably the first concept taught to all students of chemistry today, was not well accepted initially. In the second volume of his chemical philosophy he presented more compelling evidence to support the atomic theory. On July 27, 1844 John Dalton died after having made his daily recording of the weather conditions in his journal.
Masses of Atomic Components
p+, proton mass: 1.67262 x 10-27 kg
no, neutron mass: 1.67493 x 10-27 kg
e–, electron mass: 9.1094 x 10-31 kg
Now what can you conclude about the atom?
Atomic Symbols
Each element is named by a symbol. When writing symbols for the elements, we usually include the mass number and occasionally the atomic number. If we continue with the example above, helium is represented by:
The mass number (A = # of protons + # of neutrons) is four. This is the total number of protons plus the number of neutrons (i.e., the total number of nucleons). The atomic number (Z) is 2 and is the number of protons. The atomic number often is not included because the element name (or element symbol) also tells the number of protons. If the number of protons changes, then it becomes a different element. For example, helium will always have 2 protons; if you add a proton then it becomes lithium (Li). By the way, this is a nuclear process and is not easy to accomplish!
In a neutral atom, the number of electrons must equal the number of protons. However if the atom has a non-zero charge, the number of electrons does not equal Z, and the atom is referred to as an ion.
Note that the number of protons and neutrons are not changing. It is only the number of electrons that change.
Ion: a charged atom produced by adding or removing an electron or electrons to or from a neutral atom.
Cation: a positively charged ion.
Anion: a negatively charged ion.
Introduction to the Periodic Table
In the type of calculations you will encounter in Chemistry 111/112 and 105/106, you will probably make extensive use of the Periodic Table of the Elements. It is basically a catalog of the properties of the elements. Each entry in the periodic table looks something like the example entry for phosphorus shown below.
You can see that if you only have the atomic number for an element, you can use the periodic table to determine the name of the element. Alternatively, if you are given the name of an element, you can easily tell how many protons are in the nucleus of an atom of that element just by inspecting the periodic table.
How about determining the number of neutrons in the nucleus from the periodic table if you are given the name of the element? You cannot do it. We will talk about this when we discuss isotopes in the next section on Atomic Mass.
Problems
1. How many protons, neutrons and electrons are there in each of the following elements?
2. Complete the following chart:
3. A single atom of the magnesium isotope 26Mg has a mass of 1.1783 x 10-20 g (nucleons plus electrons). The nuclear radius of 26Mg is 2.963 x 10-15 m, while the atomic radius is 160 x 10-12 m.
- What is the nuclear density of 26Mg in g/cm3? Assume the nucleus is roughly spherical and assume the atomic mass only arises from the nucleons. Answer
- What is the ratio of the atomic and nuclear volumes (Vatom/Vnuc)? Answer
- The Mg2+ ion is formed by removing two electrons from the magnesium atom. The ionic radius of the Mg2+ ion is 65 x 10-12 m. Why do you think the ionic radius is so much smaller? Answer
Advanced Applications: Two Washington University chemistry professors study the properties of nuclear matter.
Summary
Now you should feel more comfortable with the structure and parts of the atom. Also you should be able to write out atomic symbols and use the periodic table to get some basic information about the elements.
Some things to think about
- Are you satisfied with the picture of the atom given in this module, or in other words, do you think that our schematic picture is what the atom really looks like?
- Why is it difficult to determine where the electrons are in the atom?
- Are the electrons just scattered around the nucleus or do you think there is an order? And what does an “electron cloud” mean?
- We said that Dalton’s Atomic Theory is not entirely true. Under what circumstances are the rules in his theory not true? Hint: each point has an exception.
- Don’t worry if you don’t know all of the answers to these questions yet. You will learn about electrons and the structure of the atom in Chemistry 111/112 and 105/106. However, you should be able to answer the last question by the end of the next module.
Practice Problems
- 1. How many electrons, protons and neutrons are there in the following atoms:
a. 40Ca
b. 119Sn
c. 244Pu - 2. What are the mass numbers for the following atoms:
a. beryllium with 5 neutrons
b. titanium with 26 neutrons
c. gallium with 39 neutrons
- 3. Give the atomic symbol for each of the following elements using the format
- a. sodium with 12 neutrons
b. argon with 21 neutrons
c. lead with 126 neutrons - 4. How many protons, neutrons and electrons are contained in a neutral ruthenium-101 atom?
- 5. Fill in the blanks in the following table (each column in the table represents a different element). Assume each atom is uncharged.
