Theoretical Models and tools Models Type of processing – resource allocation (TOPRA) model Degree of distribution (DD) model of acoustically varied input and vocabulary learning Exemplar-based encoding (EE) model of acoustically varied input, vocabulary learning, and speech processing across the lifespan Tools I-squared classification system for intentional-incidental and isolated-integrated vocabulary learning Lexical Production Scoring Protocol – written (LPSP-written) Lexical Production Scoring Protocol – spoken (LPSP-spoken)